FLAMINGO ROAD (1949)

Warner Bros., 94m 43s

The Warner Bros. success MILDRED PIERCE (1945) marked a triumphant comeback for actress Joan Crawford and deservedly is remembered as one of the finest film noirs of its time. Four years later, studio boss Jack Warner looked to recreate that production's magic. The reteaming of Crawford, Zachary Scott and Michael Curtiz along with a familiar array of Warner talent resulted in the rags to riches story FLAMINGO ROAD. Once again Crawford's indefatigable character is determined to defy all odds and elevate her social status while retaining her moral foundation. Compared alongside MILDRED PIERCE, this title might be considered minor league film noir, though FLAMINGO ROAD remains of interest as a gritty woman's picture with the great Crawford at its center. And under the stewardship of executive producer/director Curtiz, his southern gothic noir is notable for its dramatic rigor, well-staged compositions and aggressive critique of unfettered capitalism.

Set in the south within the (fictitious) community of Boldon City, Deputy Sheriff Fielding Carlisle (Zachary Scott) is tapped on the shoulder to foreclose on an insolvent carnival, only to learn the troupe of traveling performers already is bound for the state line. The one exception is Lane Bellamy (Joan Crawford), an undereducated but headstrong woman with three dollars to her name. She has decided against continuing her exotic woman act in the hope of establishing some roots. Fielding takes an immediate interest in Lane and helps secure her a job at the Eagle Cafe, where she cannot escape the scrutiny of the slyly observant Sheriff Titus Semple (Sydney Greenstreet), who has long-term political plans for the meekly obedient Fielding. Titus frowns on his protégé's sudden connection with the "stray cat" Lane and quickly becomes a disruptive force between them. The highly influential, controlling sheriff has a more respectable mate in mind for Fielding in the form of socialite Annabelle Weldon (Virginia Huston).

Evidence piles up throughout the narrative that political corruption is the crux of American society, with the kingmaker Titus as poster child for the undesirable realities of free market capitalism and its insoluble conflicts. His support of Fielding reeks of self-interest and opportunism. Fielding seems custom made for the part. He served in the US Army during WWII and is the son of a prominent judge. Though Fielding failed to finish law school, based on his family name the state's charismatic political boss Dan Reynolds (David Brian) agrees with Titus that Fielding has a future in the public sector. Titus plans for Fielding to serve on the state legislature before ultimately graduating to governor. Toward that venture, Titus wields his considerable authority in the direction of Lane in the hope of exterminating her from Fielding's life.

Given his full-scale assault on Lane's plan to remain in Boldon City, Titus proves he will do whatever it takes to compel her to leave town at high speed. Without warning he gets her fired from her waitressing job. Were that not sufficiently evil, he then has her picked up for prostitution and railroaded into the Women's Prison Farm. Interestingly, and this is where the film really says a lot about what it takes to get ahead in America, it is while incarcerated that Lane is directed to Lute Mae Sanders (Gladys George), proprietor of a popular roadhouse frequented by crooked state politicians. This establishment is where Lane attracts the attention of Dan Reynolds, who enables her rapid ascent to 32 Flamingo Road.

In his audio commentary track for ANGEL FACE (1952), film noir expert Eddie Muller notes the classic noir movement champions the working woman. Time and again the genre's positive female characters participate in the workforce and its worthless dames live off either inherited wealth or the earnings of men. FLAMINGO ROAD provides solid evidence for Muller's observation. A strong role model for Lane and females in general, Lute Mae is an empowered, willful personality who represents what is possible for the ambitious working woman. She admits she is a cynic, especially when it comes to other women. Lute Mae is steadfast in her refusal to be manipulated by Titus, who seems to reluctantly respect her backbone. Certainly she is the antithesis of the cowardly Eagle Cafe owner Pete Ladas (Tito Vuolo), who fires Lane rather than stand up for the waitress he knows is doing a fine job. Along with Lute Mae and Lane Bellamy, FLAMINGO ROAD features a likable supporting group of working women such as the Eagle Cafe's Millie (Gertrude Michael), Lute Mae's Tavern's Gracie (Alice White) and the Reynolds' maid Sarah (Jan Kayne).

FLAMINGO ROAD fully endorses the working woman while it associates masculine endeavors with corruption, compromise, callousness and weakness. Dan Reynolds personifies a political landscape hopelessly awash in dishonest dealings. "I've got a soul that needs lots of purging," he remarks. At the helm of his own construction company, Dan is an industrialist who believes his efforts as a land developer require predictable political alliances. Based upon trial and error, he understands that without the necessary political connections, everything to do with construction moves at a glacial pace. In his view, politics and land development each require the other to function. His involvement in getting people elected remains a troublesome listen to the modern ear:

 

"The people haven't elected anyone in this state for so long they've lost the habit. It's a lot of trouble to go to the polls. Usually it interferes with a baseball game or a fishing trip. When people don't care, they get about what they deserve."

The above notion regarding voter apathy is where FLAMINGO ROAD is especially pessimistic, with elected public officials subservient to corrupt shadow government figures. In such a scenario, do elections really matter? How can a representative democracy serve the greater social good when its politicians are beholden to backers with specific self-centered interests? Over the years Dan has built his syndicate and no doubt made his share of enemies. The impersonal nature of a free market that enriches some and ruins others is emphasized when Dan registers zero emotion in front of a man who says he suffered a devastating loss. Dan has heard it all before. The film's Marxist agenda is underscored when Dan justifies his position to Lane:

 

"...the honest men get eaten up. There are too many other men waiting, watching, probing for the soft spots, the graft. No, it's better to be one of them."

Dan at least displays a point he won't go beyond when he remains committed to George Parkhurst for governor and staunchly refuses to back Titus's stooge Fielding. If nothing else Dan is a man of his word, which helps separate him from the more detestable Titus, a man willing to sink to far lower levels of depravity. Titus rests on the Palmer House porch like a slug when not engaged elsewhere in what appears to be exclusively dishonorable activity. He probably was perched on the front porch when he first dreamed of controlling the entire state with the manipulable Fielding under his thumb. Power-hungry men like Titus prop up men who are strong enough to get elected (sometimes merely based on a family name), but weak enough to be controlled by their backers who stand in obscurity behind the curtain. There is a discernible homoerotic subtext to the sheriff's endorsement of Fielding, who weds Annabelle but in a sense already is married to Titus. After Fielding proves he does not have the stomach for the tactics of Titus, the portly county sheriff shows a propensity for bold violence when he tosses a drunken Fielding out of his own office (the segment is staged like a lover's quarrel). Ultimately Titus double-crosses his own boy's club and confidently positions himself as the next governor. In an especially hypocritical, dirty move, Titus forces Dan's project manager Burr Lassen (William Haade) to put convicts to work without wages to set up Dan for peonage charges. In a moment of honest reflection about the political prominence Titus commands, Dan admits to local newspaper man Doc Waterson (Fred Clark), "...it's men like me that make them possible." Perhaps to discourage a communist interpretation of the film, Doc conveys a more optimistic mindset when he mentions, "...I don't think our form of government's so bad that honest men can't run it." But to emphasize FLAMINGO ROAD's overarching level of cynicism, Titus recognizes his need to at some point get the bothersome journalist under control. The brand of cronyism Titus favors clicks along best with the newsman either passive or a partner.

The noir stairway here implies a position of both danger and power

In film noir mythology, the American family often is depicted in a less than flattering light. That hallmark noir theme in FLAMINGO ROAD starts with the marriage between Fielding Carlisle and the aristocrat Annabelle Weldon at the behest of Titus. Annabelle, depicted as simple-minded and high maintenance, is delighted to marry Fielding, who in truth would prefer the long-term company of Lane to the endless henpecking of Annabelle. As Titus demands, his flunky Fielding becomes a state senator, thanks at least in part to Fielding's union to a socially prominent woman. But it is this same woman who ensures Fielding's downfall when she complains to Titus about her husband. In the course of his marriage, Fielding leans into the sort of full-on downward spiral not uncommon in film noir territory. He develops an addiction to alcohol, loses the support of both his wife and his political backer and allows his own moral decay to lead to his suicide.

As assumptions about capitalism here apply, Fielding falls while Lane rises. But the marriage between Lane and Dan brings about its own heavy baggage, especially in terms of class relations. The society gal Annabelle dismissively refers to Lane as "a woman of that sort." Eventually Dan turns his back on Lane when she reveals exactly why Titus is so uncharitable in his judgment of her. Based upon the film's resolution, we are left in a somewhat uncertain state in terms of where Lane and Dan are headed. Presumably Dan will continue to play the capitalist game, his wife along for the ride, or could there be a significant change in his business mentality after he was manipulated by Titus? Whatever Dan's ethical boundaries might be going forward are left to conjecture. He looks set to stick by his wife, but will he allow his state to be governed by honest men, as Doc suggests is possible?

Marital discord

Bang

The marriage of political expedience meets its conclusion

Now you listen and you listen good

FLAMINGO ROAD was released theatrically on May 5th, 1949 and performed well commercially. Robert Wilder's screenplay was an adaptation of the 1946 play co-written by Wilder and his wife Sally. The play was derived from his 1942 novel. To the modern viewer accustomed to the structure of an 8-to-10 episode TV series, the events in FLAMINGO ROAD play out at an absurdly quick pace, as when Dan declares his strong feelings for Lane after knowing her about a day. The events that play out in this film likely would provide more than adequate material for a 10-hour series these days. The casting of Joan Crawford is another problem point. She was 43 at the time of filming and too mature to play the part of a carnival dancer. Even more problematic is she was almost 20 years older than Virginia Huston, the actress who portrays her rival. And to my ear anyway, Sydney Greenstreet is not the easiest thespian to understand; I flipped on the subtitles during a couple of sequences. Minor reservations aside, FLAMINGO ROAD is a taut, well-written film that rewards repeat viewings with snappy dialog and assured direction from Michael Curtiz.

Earlier this year Warner Bros. added FLAMINGO ROAD to the Blu-ray restorations among their Archive Collection. According to Warner, this new transfer made use of the best film elements available. The new HD master is accompanied by a new 2.0 DTS-HD Master audio track. Black & white contrast shows a nice improvement versus the Warner DVD first issued in 2008. At times whites lack definition, though mostly at times of soft focus. The level of film grain is pleasing to the eye and the film looks really nice in motion. The cinematography is top notch as handled by Ted D. McCord, a frequent collaborator with Curtiz, i.e. THE BREAKING POINT (1950), YOUNG MAN WITH A HORN (1950) and THE PROUD REBEL (1958). Framing is at the theatrical scope of 1.37:1 and honors the integrity of the film elements better than the Warner DVD’s scan, which was compressed to 1.33:1. The DVD scan captures slightly more information at the bottom of the frame, the new HD scan adds slightly more to the top. Fans of FLAMINGO ROAD should consider this Blu-ray disc a worthwhile upgrade. The DVD screen capture below looks hazy by comparison.

Warner Blu-ray

Warner DVD

Most of the new Blu-ray's supplemental material was ported from the Warner DVD. "Curtain Razor" (1949, 7m 17s) is a Warner Bros. Looney Tunes short directed by Friz Freleng. It stars Porky Pig and was originally released on May 21, 1949. This short features gags common to other Looney Tunes shorts; most notably "Show Biz Bugs" (1957) borrows from multiple segments. "Crawford at Warners" (2008, 12m 9s) recalls Joan Crawford's transition from MGM to Warner Bros., where she had about five good years. Crawford pushed away most everything at first, then was drawn to MILDRED PIERCE after her Warner stablemate Bette Davis turned it down. After that film, for which she won the Academy Award, next up was HUMORESQUE (1946), sometimes referenced as her finest role. It was another big hit. Her follow-up was POSSESSED (1947), which was meant for Davis, who was pregnant at the time. Crawford's performance in the role of Louise Howell earned her a second Academy Award nomination. After a string of films that performed respectably at the box office, GOODBYE, MY FANCY (1951) was a box office failure. THIS WOMAN IS DANGEROUS (1952) was considered a derivative production that marked the end of her run at Warner Bros., but she would bounce back quickly with SUDDEN FEAR (1952), an independent feature released by RKO Radio Pictures and one of my favorite film noirs. For her contribution as playwright Myra Hudson she received a third Academy Award nomination. Another selectable bonus feature is the Screen Directors Playhouse radio drama adaptation of FLAMINGO ROAD (23m 38s) that aired May 26th, 1950. Joan Crawford and David Brian resumed their original roles. A theatrical trailer (2m) is included, and this Blu-ray release also includes “Breakdowns Of 1949” (10m 25s), a collection of outtakes from familiar Warner titles.

FLAMINGO ROAD was converted into an NBC TV Series that ran from 1980 to 1982. This adaptation was created by Lorimar Productions, known for producing CBS's popular shows DALLAS and KNOTS LANDING. Ultimately it failed in its timeslot opposite ABC's silly but popular mystery series HART TO HART.

ANGEL FACE (1952)

RKO Radio Pictures, 91m 53s

A film noir experience sure to carve out its place in your memory, ANGEL FACE was directed and produced by Otto Preminger, one of the deans of noir directors with LAURA (1944), FALLEN ANGEL (1945), WHIRLPOOL (1950) and WHERE THE SIDEWALK ENDS (1950) to his credit prior to the release of the title under review. Though I do not consider ANGEL FACE to be on quite the same level as that fab four, his 1952 effort is a significant title in terms of its allegiance to film noir genre conventions and assumptions. As the opening theme music by Dimitri Tiomkin makes perfectly clear, this is no feel-good picture. An unshakably downbeat tone is maintained from start to finish with its cynical people in a joyless world. This Preminger noir is as good an example as any as to why film noir is not for everyone. Even among classic Hollywood film fans, a certain percentage of viewers is sure to be turned off by this type of material. If made today, ANGEL FACE likely would be manufactured and marketed as a horror movie.

Set in Beverly Hills, California, our story opens on a high hill at a vast estate with opulent furnishings. Paramedics Frank Jessup (Robert Mitchum) and Bill Crompton (Kenneth Tobey) are on the scene, where Catherine Tremayne (Barbara O'Neil) suspects she has survived attempted murder by asphyxiation, though the circumstances of her near death leave the impression of an attempted suicide. Frank pauses before he leaves the Tremayne home when he is intrigued by the piano playing of Catherine's stepdaughter Diane Tremayne (23-year-old British actress Jean Simmons). Given the setup, the viewer instantly pegs Diane as a potentially dangerous woman, positioned like a mythological siren summoning Frank to his doom. Their relationship begins on an alarmingly violent note:  Frank slaps her in an effort to subdue her hysteria, then Diane slaps him back! Later after his shift, Frank heads to a diner where he is a regular only to learn Diane has followed him. As she strikes suitably alluring poses, the mysterious Diane's presence causes Frank to alter his plans that evening with Mary Wilton (Mona Freeman in an exceptional supporting performance). Removed from his auto racing career due to WWII, these days Frank drives an ambulance to make ends meet. But with new business start-up money the Tremaynes obviously have the means to contribute, Frank sees an opportunity to up his game. A veteran who drove a tank during the war, Frank trades a job of clockwork monotony for a seemingly cinchy chauffeur position with the Tremaynes. Little does he suspect cars located at the Tremayne property will prove far more dangerous to him than any wartime combat vehicles he maneuvered or any race cars he drove.

Archetypal females meet:  the good blonde and the bad brunette

In essence ANGEL FACE is a separation of wealth story, with wealth (especially the inherited kind) diametrically opposed to working class ideals. The Tremayne residence makes for a forbidding film noir landscape, a hilltop locale that neatly summarizes the affluent family's obvious social status. The mansion perched near the edge of a precipitous slope also comes equipped with obvious connotations about the Tremayne family trajectory; the very location of the Tremayne place factors in their demise. Beneath the elegant exteriors there is something rotting inside. During the opening sequence a major warning shot is fired that something is wrong:  Catherine and her husband Charles Tremayne (Herbert Marshall) have separate bedrooms. The family matriarch seems to possess a certain emasculating power over her novelist husband, who has slipped into a state of stalled productivity since the day he met her. A kept man, he is a writer who no longer generates anything for publication. Herbert Marshall was an inspired casting option to portray such a man. While serving in WWI he lost a leg and had to be fitted with a wooden leg. His deliberate gait perfectly fits the noir world, where men often have mobility issues that reflect diminished patriarchal power.

A rare femme fatale whose actions do not revolve around money, Diane already is an elite individual, next in line to control the family fortune. Thus material gain does not play a role in her thought process as she acts out her impulses. Her crimes, like those of Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins) in Alfred Hitchcock's transitional horror noir Psycho (1960), are of passion, not profit. Especially for its era, ANGEL FACE is undeniably disturbing in its creepy implications about its father/daughter connection. Diane's perverse affection for her father adds an unsettling element to this film noir, though she is not completely unsympathetic:  her mother was killed in an air raid during WWII. Since that time Diane lives a circumscribed existence with an ersatz mother she never wanted and admits she was just 10 years old when she first imagined her stepmother dead. She used to daydream about all of the things she and her father could do were Catherine not part of the equation. Diane is not evil incarnate so much as a sexual pathology case; she clings to her departed father's memory much like a loving widow might. We feel her painful tension and lack of purpose as she reviews artifacts left behind by the father she unintentionally destroyed. No evidence is provided that her fractured frame of mind can be repaired.

Diane plays the piano when she has murder on her mind

Long way to love

"You can be so sweet at times."

A stunning dissolve

When Diane acknowledges her culpability and attempts to atone for her crimes, she is out of step with the moral vacancy that characterizes the classic film noir femme fatale. Diane possesses enough moral fiber to admit wrongdoing, but not without lingering psychic wounds that make her dangerous up to the very end. She first wants to confess while in a hospital bed, but her smug attorney Fred Barrett (Leon Ames) finds her confession to be irrational. In further testimony to the complexity of the film's central female character, the courtroom sequence with Barrett and District Attorney Judson (Jim Backus) is fascinating in that neither lawman reveals any understanding of her crime as it actually transpired. The smartest guys in the room both have it wrong. Later Diane is even more determined to offer herself up for punishment only to learn the law will not allow it (Barrett cites the Double Jeopardy Clause in the Fifth Amendment). The best she could hope for is to be institutionalized. That prospect might actually be an improvement upon her marriage to Frank. Maybe she loves him, but his motivation to marry her is purely to avoid a prison sentence. Their phony kiss-the-bride moment speaks volumes. If Diane's parents were trapped in a meaningless marriage, the union of Frank and Diane is cause for even less celebration. It is fitting that the young noir couple should perish in the identical manner as their elders, neither marriage sustainable on an emotional level.

Robert Mitchum is a foundational figure of film noir given his contribution to the classic period of the mid-to-late 1940s in familiar noir offerings such as THE LOCKET (1946), PURSUED (1947), CROSSFIRE (1947), OUT OF THE PAST (1947) and THE BIG STEAL (1949). His attendance in ANGEL FACE plays no small part in the film's artistic viability. Frank is not an easy guy to like, but Mitchum is even more difficult to dislike, even when he portrays a reprehensible sort. As Frank goes from opportunist to fall guy, Mitchum does not play the character any differently, which makes perfect sense in the fatalistic world the narrative implies. The noir film is noteworthy for its many unlikable, even repellent personalities who are called into action as lead characters. "I've been slapped by dames before," Frank casually confesses early in ANGEL FACE. Not long after that, he coldly stands up his obviously devoted girlfriend, who had prepared a nice dinner for two. He is the brand of noir character who really earns the distinction "lead protagonist." The term "hero" surely does not fit. Clearly Frank is in the game only for himself, though he does not seem to have the drive to reach for anything much beyond what he is. As a rule Frank keeps feverish activity to a minimum. A rare boost to his enthusiasm level comes when Catherine agrees to invest in his auto racing repair & maintenance business model, something he was unable to initiate before encountering the Tremayne family, though in the midst of a chat with Mary he openly questions his association with them ("I've been thinking about quitting. It's a weird outfit. Not for me."). Eventually he becomes insensitive, borderline callous toward Diane, though not without reason. He does not buy her story that Catherine tried to kill her, though he recognizes Diane might want to off Catherine. When Frank follows through on quitting, Diane short-circuits. Frank is probably a better person than Diane, but not strong enough to stay away from her in the first place. He had a good woman in Mary but could not resist the temptress, which makes Frank the narrative's homme fatal, the type of man Mary is best served to avoid. Even the decent woman Mary is not without her share of noir cynicism; after being stood up the prior evening, she is quick to assume Frank found his way into bed with Diane! That revelation provides one of the film's most memorable moments of dialog.

The noir marriage:  arranged by necessity, not mutual love

The idealized film noir portrait often stands for
a person of the past who maintains control over the present

Diane's alienation is emphasized in the film's closing moments

Wait for it...

An adaptation of an original story by Chester Erskine, ANGEL FACE was written for the screen by Frank S. Nugent and Oscar Millard, with an uncredited contribution from Ben Hecht. This team must be credited for the creation of one of the most passionless couples in cinematic history. Compared to the benchmark noir couple in DOUBLE INDEMNITY (1944), for instance, Diane and Frank never experience the mutual fiery excitement for each other the genre tends to deliver. Nor does Diane get off on her bad behavior like the femme fatales of GUN CRAZY (1950) and SCARLET STREET (1945). Diane becomes one of film noir's walking dead, as dead as the parents she murdered. Frank walks among the dead as well, he is just less aware of it than Diane until the movie climaxes in convincing crescendo to the tune of a 150' descent.

Like the purest examples of the film noir, ANGEL FACE is rich in irony and fatalism. Consider that opening sequence:  had that call for medical assistance been phoned in just five minutes later, Frank would have been off duty! His profession in itself is interesting; he can rescue others, but not himself. Not only that, his fondness for auto mechanics and racing contribute to his (quite literal) downfall. The film's title treatment harbors another irony, revealed when Catherine touches her stepdaughter Diane's face, which instinctively displays the cold emptiness of a heartless killer. Her classical piano playing, though tasteful and skilled, is associated with jealousy and death. And in one of the film's greatest ironies, Diane unintentionally kills the father she so adores.

This year's dual-layered Blu-ray edition of ANGEL FACE released by Warner Archive presents the film in a sharp new transfer that yields excellent contrast. The source material must have been in very good condition. Framed at the original theatrical aspect ratio of 1.37:1, the fluent cinematography of Harry Stradling Sr. is now well preserved for film noir collectors. Compared to the 1.33:1 Warner DVD first issued January 23rd, 2007, this new Blu-ray boasts improved clarity and a more appropriate level of film grain:

Warner DVD (2007)

Warner Blu-ray (2023)

The audio commentary track by Eddie Muller was ported from the Warner DVD. In this unusual case, the commentary is matched to the standard version of the film, which runs 91m 43s. As film critic Gary Tooze reported, the original camera negative contained additional frames absent from the source materials utilized for the DVD transfer. Therefore the old transfer is included here to ensure Muller's comments best match the onscreen dramatics.

This is one of Muller's most perceptive commentary tracks, and he has an assortment of fine work to his credit. From start to finish it is a treat to be a listener. Muller is loaded with insights but never sounds like he is lecturing. He makes it easy to appreciate the film as much as he does. From a cultural/historical perspective, Muller reviews how ANGEL FACE somehow survived all kinds of things working against it. The production was a troubled one, as was often the case with projects engineered by Howard Hughes. A well-documented womanizer, Hughes put Jean Simmons under contract but was interested in more than just a professional relationship. Simmons sued him and agreed to a three-picture deal to get released from her contract. A stipulation Simmons demanded was a tight window for those final three films to ensure Hughes could not prolong the working relationship. The end result was that ANGEL FACE, her final film for Hughes, would have to be completed within an 18-day shooting schedule. Hughes convinced director Otto Preminger to take on the project, for which the filmmaker would be granted complete creative control on a budget of just under $1 million, though Hughes continued to meddle. Hughes showed so much concern for Simmons's hairstyle she chopped off her hair in retaliation, an act which necessitated a number of wigs to make her look more presentable for filming. Preminger called for repeated takes for the scene in which Robert Mitchum slaps Jean Simmons. The director pushed the issue to the point Simmons was in tears, which prompted Mitchum to slap Preminger and ask him if that was the sort of effect he was after. That tumultuous event set the tone for the production's duration. Nonetheless, Muller credits Preminger for elevating what very well could have been a routine potboiler into a well-paced cult classic. Preminger was a master at blocking, with a keen sense for depth in his coordination of foreground, middle-ground and background action. As Muller builds a case for Mitchum as an actor of subtle talent, Muller notes Mitchum's unusual ability to combine confidence with passivity. The actor might have been playing himself much of the time; Muller contends Mitchum as a person managed his personal and business affairs with the identical approach.

In terms of film noir themes, Muller notes the women of the film command most of the power. This theme even extends to the Japanese servants Ito (Frank Kumagai) and Chiyo (Max Takasugi) employed at the Tremayne estate. And in the film's final act, the supporting character Mary takes authority over the two men in her life. With the heiress Diane on the way out, the working girl Mary proves her worth. Muller is in top form as he calls into question feminist film noir studies, in particular film theory that explains the femme fatale's emergence in noir as a reaction to women who took over for men in the workplace as required during World War II. As Muller correctly points out, the film noir suggests good girls work for a living and bad girls do not. That certainly is what is going on in ANGEL FACE, where inherited money defines the femme fatale and workforce participation enforces the constitution of the female worth preserving.

Reviews were less than flattering at the time of ANGEL FACE's original theatrical run, but the time since has been kinder to the film's reputation. None other than Jean-Luc Godard ranked ANGEL FACE at #8 in his "Ten Best American Sound Films" for the French film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma (December 1963 - January 1964 issue).

A theatrical trailer (2m 17s) is the only other supplement.

THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER (1955)

United Artists, 92m 25s

"My soul is humble when I see the way little ones accept their lot. Lord save little children. The wind blows, and the rain's a-cold. Yet they abide. They abide and they endure."

—Rachel Cooper

To be a fan of the cinema sometimes causes one, like it or not, to ponder what might have been. Often such thinking revolves around careers cut tragically short; for me that list includes screen legends such as James Dean, Sharon Tate, Bruce Lee and Heath Ledger. Then there are those filmmakers who likely had significant contributions to make had they survived longer, i.e. F.W. Murnau, Michael Reeves and Bob Fosse. Perhaps even more painful are the films thought forever lost, like the Lon Chaney vehicle LONDON AFTER MIDNIGHT (1927), the unfinished Jerry Lewis project THE DAY THE CLOWN CRIED and the version of THE MAGNIFICENT AMBERSONS (1942) director Orson Welles intended before studio interference chained his film's second half to the bottom of the ocean. But the loss that bothers me most is the one-and-done directorial career of Charles Laughton, whose astonishing THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER stands as one of the most revelatory filmmaking debuts in Hollywood history. Though his film's reputation only has grown in stature over the years, at the time of its release it was a commercial and critical disappointment that prevented Laughton from taking the director's chair again. One only can presume Laughton had far more to offer than a solitary filmmaking effort. What if THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER was the floor of his artistic sensibility, not the ceiling? What if he had started directing as a much younger man? What might he have brought to other genres? That last question is the most challenging to consider given the one Laughton-helmed production we have to evaluate. He definitely did not play it safe. His film stubbornly resists categorization as it is many things at once:  German Expressionism throwback, American melodrama, horror film, fantasy film, fairy tale, Biblical story and of course film noir. Laughton bravely condenses elements from seemingly disparate narrative forms into far-reaching, dark-witted dimensions, timelessly unique and tonally coherent.

That THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER is concerned with children is apparent in the early going. As the opening credits roll, ominous theme music (by Walter Schumann) transitions into the traditional song "Dream, Little One, Dream," sung by children. Next the film's crucial matriarch communicates a message of warning from Matthew 7:15:  "Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing..." Her words of caution segue into a God-like overhead view of a group of kids playing hide and seek. In the course of play, the young ones are stunned to discover the lifeless body of an adult woman, glimpsed only from the knees down. The woman's killer is introduced next as he travels by automobile along the Ohio River in West Virginia. Predatory preacher Harry Powell (Robert Mitchum) specializes in victimizing women who have lost their spouses. As he holds a conversation with a supposedly approving God, the self-proclaimed preacher confesses he has lost count of how many widows he has destroyed as he awaits direction in regard to his next mission. In response, at least in terms of Powell's unusual belief system, the Lord Almighty has the preacher picked up for auto theft at a burlesque club. Meanwhile, Ben Harper (Peter Graves) is arrested and condemned to death after killing two people during a bank robbery. Before Harper is arrested, he leaves $10,000 in stolen bank money with his two small children:  John Harper (Billy Chapin) and Pearl Harper (Sally Jane Bruce). Significantly, Harper trusts his children with the stolen money more than his wife Willa Harper (Shelley Winters). As film noir fate dictates, Powell and Harper become cellmates. Before Harper is executed, Powell hears Harper talking in his sleep, which puts the preacher on the trail of that bank heist money, now guarded by young John Harper.

Prior to his execution, Ben Harper mumbles in his slumber from the book of Isaiah, "and a little child shall lead them." With Harper's boy thrust into the role of cynical lead protagonist through no fault of his own, THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER applies the harshest of film noir aspects to a young person. John finds his resolve tested by the sort of crushing pressures that often defeat adults in the noir film. In the grandest of film noir traditions, our unlikely lead protagonist is haunted by a past that would traumatize anyone. After he and his sister (even younger) witness the arrest of their father, who is roughed up by police before his sentence to death by hanging, the Harper children must absorb the cruelty of their schoolmates ("hing hang hung, see what the hangman done"). This sequence reveals the difference in maturity between John and Pearl:  he is old enough to understand what is going on and his sister is not. Thus by the time the preacher descends upon the town in search of the recently widowed Willa Harper, her son John has been taught to be skeptical of people and their motivations. As the preacher Powell charms the local townsfolk without much resistance, John immediately distrusts the man in black. John's suspicions about Powell are proven accurate when John catches Powell in a huge lie about the whereabouts of the $10K. John maintains his silence in honor of his late father's wishes as his mother weds the preacher to create perhaps the most hopeless film noir union in a genre congested with families under all sorts of emotional and economic stress. In fact economic conditions greatly contribute to the sham of a union between Powell and Mrs. Harper. THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER is a Depression-era story, with Ben Harper turning to crime for the financial betterment of his family. So the Harper family's destruction is initiated by its patriarch, who by American tradition provides support to the family structure's backbone. Instead his efforts to improve his family's fortune cause its displacement into the tattooed hands of the malevolent Powell. As if to mock the Harper sorrow, the prison hangman (Paul Bryar) is shown to be part of an idealized family, complete with a boy and girl asleep safe in their bed. Despite John's impressive display of masculine strength throughout the narrative, noir forces eventually break down our small protagonist in the film's final act, as he forfeits his father's heist money in a moment of catharsis. As Powell is arrested in a sequence that parallels the apprehension of John's condemned father, John recognizes the difference that distinguishes his father from Powell is merely one of degree.

THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER is loaded to the gills with the visual signature of film noir

Danger after dark

The idealized female portrait

Though its story focuses on the development of children, THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER offers no mature males capable of offering the sort of positive reinforcement young people require. Failed husband and father Ben Harper is shown with his children only long enough to give instruction on how to care for the money for which he killed. Uncle Birdie Steptoe (James Gleason), the riverside town drunkard, proves unwilling to notify the proper authorities after happening upon a submerged body. Later he is too intoxicated to help the Powell children at their most desperate time of need. Town merchant Walt Spoon (Don Beddoe) suspects there is something wrong with Powell, but is unable to act on his intuition given the influence of his wife Icey Spoon (Evelyn Varden), who completely misreads the preacher in terms of character and intentions. Then we have the false prophet, a dyed-in-the-wool misogynist of untethered greed, driven by his narrow-minded construct of feminine evil. A serial killer of simmering hate, those famously tattooed fingers suggest someone who harbors multiple identities, a recurring theme of the film noir. His killing weapon of choice has obvious Freudian implications, especially when that switchblade is first triggered at a burlesque show. Like so many of the cinema's knife-wielding killers, Powell is impotent. Perhaps the scariest things about Powell is his earnest belief that his mission is noble. Unmotivated to deviate from his long-held paradigm, obviously the Powell character brings to mind a vast number of real-life conmen and charlatans that emerged before and since the film's conception.

The intense hatred of frivolous female sexuality harbored by Powell reflects polarized female archetypes film noir followers should be quick to recognize. But when he watches a striptease in a state of palpable bitterness, seemingly ready to carve up a dancer for flaunting her sexuality, is the viewer meant to side with the preacher? The sudden appearance of a police officer strongly implies no. And surely the average viewer would struggle to side with Powell's absurdly cruel treatment of Willa Harper, shamed sanctimoniously by her new husband on their wedding night. Powell forces Willa to consider her body only in terms of its ability to bear children. He even scolds her for having amorous feelings:  "That body was meant for begettin' children. It was not meant for the lust of men." Later on during a spooky tent-preacher sequence, Willa boldly announces she is to blame for the Harper family’s dislocation. As if in a trance controlled by Powell, she testifies before the affixed congregation that her material demands alone set her husband on a crime rampage. In one of film noir's greatest of ironies, she foretells her watery grave when she says, "My whole body's just a-quivering with cleanness." Willa is far from an unsympathetic character; she loses her first husband and ultimately her own life, but her combination of spinelessness and gullibility is unappealing. Her husband Ben has so little faith in her he calls upon their little gradeschoolers to manage his ill-gotten gains. Perhaps the most positive female of the townspeople who gets a closeup is Bess, the departed wife of Uncle Birdie, now gone some 25 years and present only via idealized portrait (a consistent film noir hallmark). Birdie believes she still keeps watch over him, and he still talks to her as if she can listen.

A hopelessly unconsummated film noir marriage

Given the deficiency of responsible male role models and the presence of females prone to the phony charms of the preacher, a strong-willed matriarchal figure is required to guide vulnerable children into adulthood. That throwback personality is Rachel Cooper (Lillian Gish), a God-fearing woman suitably equipped to deal with the likes of Powell. A mature guiding light like Cooper is especially important for the foolish naivete of teenage girls like Ruby (Gloria Castillo), who is drawn instantly to the hypnotic evil embodied by Powell. In fact Ruby maintains feelings for him even after he is arrested for the murder of Willa Harper. Is Ruby set up for the identical fate that entraps Willa? THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER is cynical in its message that positive females are either aging (Cooper) or long gone (Bess).

Simultaneously beautiful and repulsive:
the death of Willa Harper evinces
the coldly uncompromising noir aesthetic

"It's a hard world for little things."
—Rachel Cooper

According to the onscreen information that accumulates in THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER, indeed it is an unfairly difficult world for small creatures to navigate. Children discover a Powell victim while playing. The Harper kids witness the arrest of their father and must move on after his execution. Area children cruelly mock the young Harpers after their father is hung by the neck. An immature rabbit is killed by a barn owl. But nothing underscores the "hard world for little things" theme quite like the preacher's interminable pursuit of those small Harper children. As John and Pearl float down a river in an attempt to outrun their chaser, the ecosystem possesses a lyrical quality, in essence a departure into the terms outlined in Genesis 1:24-25:

"And God said, 'Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their kinds—livestock and creeping things and beasts of the earth according to their kinds.' And it was so. And God made the beasts of the earth according to their kinds and the livestock according to their kinds, and everything that creeps on the ground according to its kind. And God saw that it was good."

Their small boat passes a spider's web, a frog, a tortoise, rabbits, sheep, cattle, a whip-poor-will, dogs, a fox. Interestingly, Powell is on horseback as he pursues the children. Like him or not, the preacher is connected in a Biblical context. Ultimately the river delivers the endangered Harpers to the Rachel Cooper farm, a safety zone for lost little ones. "I'm a strong tree with branches for many birds," she explains. Cooper also has a knack for warding off dangerous creatures like Powell; via confident shotgun fire she reduces him to a defensive animal. As he takes cover in her barn, for the first time Powell's own vulnerability is exposed. Fittingly, the film's concluding scene plays out on Christmas Day, every child's favorite holiday. The instincts of children triumph with the right encouragement from Cooper. John absolutely proves his resourcefulness and durability and looks destined to assert himself one day as an adult, to emerge as the sort of dependable, idealistic man the narrative posits to be in short supply.

THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER is an extremely well-written film peppered with all kinds of memorable dialog, much of it delivered by Robert Mitchum, i.e., "I can feel myself gettin' awful mad," Powell warns the Harper children in the basement. "She turned me out of the bed," he lies through his teeth about the wife he murdered. Mitchum is an unbelievable force of evil as the preacher. Certainly his performance here anticipates the similarly single-minded menace he would portray in CAPE FEAR (1962), as when, arms outstretched, he chases the fleeing children up the basement steps. When the river-bound children board an available skiff and narrowly escape the singular purpose of the preacher, his scream of anguish defines a madman even more unbalanced than suggested up to that point. “Don’t he never sleep?” John laments in reflection of their tireless hunter. An exceptional moment of the film involves an unlikely duet between Cooper and Powell (the traditional hymn "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms"). Powell is unaware as the two combine voices that he is losing the battle of good versus evil he so likes to depict with his tattooed hands.

The 1953 novel THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER was written by Davis Grubb, whose writing was inspired by the true crime story of serial killer Harry F. Powers (born Harm Drenth; November 17th, 1893 – March 18th, 1932). Executed by hanging, Powers was convicted of murder in the deaths of two widows and three children in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Powers used "lonely hearts" ads to find available women he could exploit for whatever wealth they possessed. Reportedly Laughton heavily edited screenwriter James Agee's adaptation, which was far too lengthy for a feature film. Nonetheless, Laughton elected not to share screenwriting credit with Agee. In light of the subject matter, securing Production Code approval was a challenge. The film's budget was just under $600K. Principal photography commenced on August 15th, 1954 and was completed on October 7th that same year. As one might expect, various religious groups stood opposed to Laughton's filmmaking debut, including the Catholic Legion of Decency and the Protestant Motion Picture Council.

Since the days of its theatrical run, THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER has jumped from commercial misfire to long-treasured cult favorite. In 1992 it was selected for preservation by the United States National Film Registry. In 2008 the French film publication Cahiers du Cinéma chose THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER as the second-best film in cinema history, behind only the monumental CITIZEN KANE. And the reputation of Laughton's film got a recent boost from the critics queried for SIGHT AND SOUND magazine's decennial "Greatest Films of All Time" poll. In 2012 the film landed at 63, but by 2022 its position improved to 25. THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER's influence on cinema and television programming that would follow it really cannot be estimated. The love/hate tattoo scheme that assured Harry Powell a starter conversation with anyone he met has been referenced in films as diverse as JARDIM DE GUERRA (1969), THE ROCKY HORROR PICTURE SHOW (1975), THE ONION FIELD (1979), DO THE RIGHT THING (1989), THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS (1991), FATAL INSTINCT (1993), MALLRATS (1995), THE DEVIL'S REJECTS (2005) and RUST AND BONE (2012). Interestingly, the early exit of the Willa Harper character anticipates Marion Crane's (Janet Leigh) premature departure in PSYCHO (1960) by five years.

I confess until recently I was unaware of the made-for-TV remake that aired in 1991. Thanks to YouTube, I was able to give it a watch. From the opening credits, as directed by David Greene, NIGHT OF THE HUNTER offers no pretense of being a work of art. One of the movie's many problems is its Depression-era source material injected into a contemporary setting. Other issues include pedestrian writing and an obviously modest budget that sometimes brings to mind a daily soap environment. But most off-putting of all is the focus on the opportunistic Harry Powell (Richard Chamberlain) as the lead protagonist rather than John Harper (Reid Binion). This alteration either dilutes or eliminates many of the Laughton original's major themes and motifs, especially with the Rachel Cooper character excluded. Probably the best illustration of the difference between the 1955 version and the repurposing for 1991 is the wedding night sequence. The remake does nothing to establish the sexual inadequacies of Powell, so his reaction to his new wife's entrance into the bedroom makes sense only if one is familiar with the source material. Another version of the Grubb novel might be on the horizon as well:  on April 7th, 2020 it was reported Universal Pictures had started development on another remake, this time adapted by Matt Orton. I could not uncover any more recent news on the subject of this purported modernizing of the original story.

With a cavalcade of prestigious titles getting the 4K Ultra HD treatment, Kino Lorber has been busy lately making me feel like my Blu-ray collection is completely obsolete. Thankfully they have done an admirable job with THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER. The triple-layered UHD100 disc boasts a new 4K scan of the 35mm original camera negative and looks spectacular framed at 1.85:1, though a significant departure from the original theatrical scope of 1.37:1 (according to Turner Classic Movies). Compared with home video releases framed at 1.66:1, the result is a loss of some content, as Gary Tooze reported:  www.dvdbeaver.com. Absence of some information aside, the Kino release must be considered the preferred option to appreciate the dazzling B&W cinematography by Stanley Cortez (THE MAGNIFICENT AMBERSONS, THE UNDERWORLD STORY [1950], THE THREE FACES OF EVE [1957]), who ensures the production is rich in the atmosphere of the noir form. No doubt this is the best THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER ever has looked, with vastly improved contrast and definition versus the Criterion Collection edition issued in 2014. But in terms of disc-based bonus material, collectors are advised to hang on to their Criterion discs for the considerable array of unique supplemental features.

The most significant Kino extra is a new audio commentary track by novelist and former VIDEO WATCHDOG editor Tim Lucas, whose understanding of the language of cinema is put to good use during the film's runtime. Lucas examines the differences from novel to film (some in terms of Production Code limitations), references to D.W. Griffith and Walt Disney, as well as the film's various connections to scripture. He discusses the film's notions about unconditional love in terms of the Cooper character, who loves and cares for her adopted children though she recognizes they might forget about her as they grow up and leave (there is evidence that has happened to her repeatedly already). One of his best observations is that the riverside picnic sequence features Robert Mitchum and Shelley Winters striking poses from a bygone era. But I also appreciated his commentary track for bits of information less important to movie love, as when Lucas offers some particulars on the gar, a large, toothy freshwater fish that inhabits the Ohio River. Also according to Lucas, THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER was the first movie to make use of the word "whores."

A separate Blu-ray disc contains a small amount of newly-recorded material for this Kino Lorber release. In "LOVE AND HATE:  Filmmaker Ernest Dickerson on THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER" (8m 31s) Dickerson points out it is Mitchum's character who nudges the film into noir territory; the film's early sequences are shot in a much more naturalistic sense. As the narrative progresses the film takes on an increasingly stylized, nightmarish quality. A faster film stock allowed for a lower level of light as certain sequences required. "LITTLE LAMBS: Actress Kathy Garver on THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER" (9m 53s) allows Garver to recall THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER as her introduction to the film business. As the 8-year-old double for the 6-year-old Sally Jane Bruce, Garver was called into action primarily for sequences that required Pearl Harper to run. As history has it, Bruce would not act again and Garver has amassed 100 acting credits on IMDb.com at the time of this writing. With "HING, HANG, HUNG: Artist Joe Coleman on THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER" (15m 42s), the artist/performer Coleman reviews the history of convicted killer Harry F. Powers, "The Bluebeard of Quiet Dell," along with the differences from novel to feature film.

Also on the Blu-ray disc is a collection of trailers for comparable titles available from Kino, along with two trailers for THE NIGHT OF THE HUNTER (1m 38s and 1m 36s).